Before you set out

Dry seasons usually concentrate wildlife near water and improve visibility; green seasons bring births, migrant birds, lower prices and fewer visitors. Choose by what you value. See Seasons in motion.

No. Habitat, season and guide skill improve the odds, but wild animals move freely and no encounter can be guaranteed. Be wary of anyone who promises otherwise.

Not automatically. Conservancies often cap vehicles and pay landowners directly; national park fees fund public wildlife authorities. Compare caps, ownership and revenue sharing in A lighter safari footprint.

Many first-time travellers find six to ten nights across two or three locations works well, with at least three nights in each place to settle in and reduce transfers.

In parks with good roads and clear rules, such as Kruger or Etosha, self-drive can suit confident drivers. In remote or unfenced areas, a professional guide is safer and adds interpretation you would otherwise miss.

With qualified, licensed guides following strict protocols, walking safaris have a strong safety record. Follow briefings exactly, walk in single file and choose recognised operators in places such as South Luangwa.

Many lodges welcome families, but some set minimum ages for game drives, walks or gorilla treks. Malaria-free reserves, such as parts of South Africa's Eastern Cape, can suit young children.

Many safari regions carry malaria risk. Seek personalised advice from a travel health clinic six to eight weeks before departure. Our preparation guide covers the essentials.

Ask who owns the land, how revenue reaches communities, what vehicle limits apply and whether certifications are independently audited, for example under GSTC-recognised standards.